Cork Heritage

Below are the names of my published articles (topics) as they appeared in the papers Inside Cork / Cork Independent and the date they were published. Cork City Library has back copies of both papers. Parts of the articles below appear in my publications (http://corkheritage.ie/?page_id=1181), Discover Cork, In the Steps of St. Finbarre , Generations, Memories of the Lee Hydro Scheme and Inheritance, Heritage and Memory in the Lee Valley, Co. Cork.

Click here for the index to the River Lee valley, Co. Cork series, 2006-2011, entitled In the Steps of St Finbarr, http://corkheritage.ie/?page_id=2804

Click here for the index to the 2012/2014 series on the Crawford Municipal Technical Institute, http://corkheritage.ie/?page_id=3056

Click here for the index to the 2014-2016 series on histories of Cork Harbour, Cork Region, & 1916 memories,  http://corkheritage.ie/?page_id=4165

 Kieran’s articles below for 1999-2005

Early Beginnings:

1. St. Finbarre, The Man, The Myth, The Legend – 14 October 1999
2. Corcach Mor na Mumhan – 21 October 1999
3. Monastery Evidence, The Vikings – 28 October 1999
4. Viking Age Settlement (Part 1) – 4 November 1999
5. Viking Age Settlement (Part 2) – 11 November 1999
6. Viking Age Settlement (Part 3), Plus the arrival of the Anglo-Normans – 18 November 1999.
7. Initial Anglo-Norman Settlement – 25 November 1999
8. The Walled Town of Cork (Part 1), Walls – 2 December 1999
9. The Walled Town of Cork (Part 2), Entrances, Streets, Houses – 9 December 1999
10. Stone and Tower houses – 16 December 1999

Christmas Special – 20th Century Cork – Perspectives on a Changing Landscape – 23rd December 1999

1. Economy, Trade and Industry (Part 1)- 30 December 1999
2. Trading connections and turbulent times (Part 2), crime – 6 January 2000
3. Abbeys, Franciscan Abbey – 13 January 2000
4. Franciscan and Dominican Abbey, Crosses Green – 20 January 2000
5. Economy and Graves of Dominican Abbey – 27 January 2000
6. Dominican Abbey – 3 February 2000
7. Red Abbey – 10 February 2000
8. The Reformation – 17th February 2000
9. Elizabethan Cork – 24th February 2000
10. Elizabeth Fort – 2nd March 2000
11. The early 1600s (part I) – 9 March 2000
12. The early 1600s (Part 2) – 16 March 2000
13. The Advent of Oliver Cromwell – 23 March 2000
14. Cromwell’s Arrival – 30th March 2000
15. Cromwell’s Stay in Cork – 6th April 2000
16. 1649-1660 – 13th April 2000
17. 1660-1688 – 20th April 2000
18. 1680s-1690 – 27th April 2000
19. The Siege of Cork 1690 (Part 1) – 4th May 2000
20. The Siege of Cork 1690 (Part 2) – 11th May 2000
21. 1690 – 1700 – 18th May 2000
22. The Early 1700s, Quakers, archaeological site on Grattan Street – 25th May 2000
23. Huguenots, development of the marshes – 1st June 2000
24. The Mardyke and Shandon- 8th June 2000
25. First Phase of Church of Church Building – St. Peter’s, Christ Church, St. Paul’s Church – 15th June 2000
26. St. Nicholas Church, St. FinBarre’s Church, South Chapel, North Chapel – 22 June 2000
27. Bishopstown, Map of Cork 1726 – 29 June 2000
28. Alexander the Coppersmith 1737, Cork in 1748- 8 July 2000
29. Cork in 1748- 15 July 2000
30. Charles Smith 1750- 22 July 2000
31. Cork in 1750- 3 August 2000
32. Nano Nagle and the 1760s, the Wide Street Commission- 3 August 2000
33. Water Services, wooden pipes excavation and Butter Market (Part 1)- 10 August 2000
34. Butter Market (Part 2)- 17 August 2000
35. Taylor and Skinner Road Maps of Ireland 1777- 24 August 2000
36. Cork in 1784, Wilson’s Post Chaise Companion, Lucas’s Street Directory, 1786- Imports and Exports- 31 August 200
37. Secondary industries- 7 September 2000
38. Secondary Industries- 14 September 2000
39. First phase of Bridge Building: St. Patrick’s Bridge, Clarke’s Bridge, North and South Gate Bridge, – 21 September 2000
40. 1788- English Market, 1789 Map of the city, 28 September 2000
41. John Fitzgerald 1793 – 5 October 2000
42. Persian account 1799 – 12 October 2000

The Making of the Modern City (1800-1850)

1. Characteristics of early 1800s – Merchants, Traveller accounts, Characteristics of early 1800s, Beaufort Map 1801, Parliament Bridge (1806), further changes to the city and harbour- 19 October 2000
2. Cork: 1805 – 1810; 26 October 2000
3. Cork: 1810-1820- Economic decline; 2 November 2000
4. Crime and Typhoid Scare, 1816-1819; 9 November 2000
5. New streetscapes, Wide Street Commission, Cork Harbour Commissioners, Pigot’s Cork Directory, 1824, 16th November 2000
6. County Gaol, early 1800s- 23 November 2000
7. City Gaol, early 1800s- 31 November 200
8. Late 1820s social background, Catholic Struggle for Emancipation- 7 December 2000
9. Daniel O’ Connell, the early 1830s- 14 December 2000
10. Cholera Epidemic, 1832- 21 December 2000
11. 1832 – Thomas Holt’s Map, Portrait of the Pain plus the Deane Family- 28 December 2000
12. Thomas Deane and Parnell Bridge- 4 January 2001
13. Parnell Bridge continued-Era of Classical designed Churches – 11 and 18th January 2001
14. St. Mary’s Dominican Church, St. Patrick’s Church – 25 January 2001
15. Holy Trinity (Pain – 1832) – 1 February 2001
16. Fr. Theobald Matthew – 8 February 2001
17. Fr. Matthew and the Temperance Movement Memorial Tower – 15 February 2001
18. Courthouse, St. Lukes (Pain – 1837) – 22 February 2001
19. T.S.B. (Deane – 1839), University College Cork – 1 March 2001
20. U.C.C. (Part 2) – 8 March 2001
21. 1836 – Lewis, First Edition Ordnance Survey Map, increase in number of mansions – 15 March 2001
22. Lewis’s Trade – 22 March 2001
23. Manufacturing and Merchants in Cork before the Famine – 29 March 2001
24. Merchants and Politics, c.1844 – 5 April 2001
25. Repeals of the Act of Union, 1845 – 12 April 2001
26. Cork in the 1840s – 19 April 2001
27. A Tale of a Workhouse – 26 April 2001
28. A failing potatoe crop- what was happening in the city in Autumn 1846-Spring 1846; 3 May 2001
29. The Famine, The Growth of a Calamity, Winter 1846 – 10 May 2001
30. The Famine and Carr’s Hill Graveyard- 17 May 2001
31. Famine and Fever, Winter 1846-1847- 25 May 2001
32. Famine: Hardship and Death (Spring) 1847 – 1 June 2001
33. Trials, Tribulations, and Hope, Summer 1847 – 8 June 2001
34. All Over and all About to Begin 1847-1850, Queen Victoria’ visit to Cork 1849; 15 June 2001
35. Emigration, Windele’s Cork 1846, Politics and Problems- 22 June 2001
36. Education, Societies of the Middle Class- 29 June 2001

Late Nineteenth Century Cork: Challenges and Resolutions

1. 1852 National Exhibition – 4 July 2001
2. National Exhibition, constructing the Athenaeum plus Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway – 12 July 2001
3. Cork Blackrock and Passage Railway, 1849-1961; 19 July 2001
4. Cork Bandon & South Coast Railway plus Great Southern and Western Railway – 26 July 2001
5. Cork, Youghal and Queenstown Railway (est.1854), Cork and Macroom Direct Railway (est. 1866), Cork and Muskerry Railway (est. 1887); 2 August 2001
6. A new Water Supply – 9 August 2001
7. Tribulations of a Waterworks – 16 August 2001
8. The Great Flood of 1853 – 23 August 2001
9. New Bridges, The Cork Improvement Act of 1856- 30 August 2001
10. New Quays and the City of Cork Steamship Company 1852- 6 September 2001
11. On a Sirius Note, Steamers in Cork in the late 1800s- 13 September 2001
12. More Steamships, late 1800s- 20 September 2001
13. City of Cork Steamship Company- 27 September 2001
14. Cork Steamship Company- 4 October 2001
15. Gibson 1861 Mercy Hospital 1857- 11 October 2001
16. assembly rooms on South Mall, SS. Joachim and St. Anne’s Asylum (1858)- 18 October 2001
17. Gibson’s Southside – 25 October 2001
18. Gibson’s Northside and St. Vincent’s Church (1851) – 1 November 2001
19. Gibson’s Northside and Trinity Presbyterian Church – 8 November 2001
20. Gibsons’ Suburbs and Cody’s Cork – 15 November 2001
21. The Making of a Corkonian – Cody’s Cork – 22 November 2001
22. Callanan’s Tower- 29 November 2001
23. Provincial Bank, est.1865; 6 December 2001
24. Planning for a new St. FinBarre’s Cathedral, c.1860 – 13 December 2001
25. William Burges, the Victorian Dream and a new St. Finbarre’s Cathedral – 20 December 2001
26. Demolition, rebuilding and consecration of St. FinBarre’s Cathedral- 3 January 2002
27. Carving, Modelling and Interior Architecture of St. FinBarre’s Cathedral – 10 January 2002
28. Crowning Detail – St. FinBarre’s Cathedral – 17 January 2002
29. Era of Neo Gothic Churches -SS. Peter and Paul’s Church and John Murphy – 24 January 2002
30. Fr. John Murphy: From the Tiber, to Goleen to Carey’s Lane – 31 January 2002
31. Murphy, Pugin and a missing spire, 7 February 2002
32. Laying the foundation stone and financial problems – SS. Peter and Paul’s Church, 14 February 2002
33. Dedicating a masterpiece – SS. Peter and Paul’s Church – 21 February 2002
34. Heavenly Architecture – SS. Peter and Paul’s Church – 28 February 2002
35. Architectural Gems – SS. Peter and Paul’s Church – 7 March 2002
36. The Early Years – North Cathedral – 14 March 2002
37. Bensons’ Proposals (1869) – North Cathedral – 21 March 2002
38. Twentieth Century Revamping – North Cathedral, 28 March 2002
39. A New Graveyard – St FinBarre’s Cemetery – 4 April 2002
40. Henry & Coughlan’s Street Cork Directory, 1867 (morphology) – 11 April 2002
41. Henry and Coughlan’s Cork Directory, 1867 (Economy) – 18 April 2002
42. Henry and Coughlan’s Directory, 1867 (Economy and Education) – 25 April 2002
43. Henry and Coughlan’s Cork Directory, 1867 (Education and Society) – 2 May 2002
44. Henry and Coughlan’s Cork Directory, 1867 (Benevolent Societies and Public Buildings) – 9 May 2002
45. Henry and Coughlan’s Cork Directory, 1867 (Hotels, Baths and Postal Systems) 16 May 2002
46. Henry and Coughlan’s Cork Directory, 1867 (Mail and Public Transport) 23 May 2002
47. Henry and Coughlan’s Directory, 1867 – Steamships, hackney cabs and Nationalistic Politics, 30 May 2002
48. The Fenian Rising of 1867: The Cork Context- 6 June 2002
49. Fenian Militantism and Labourer Problems, Cork in the 1860s – 13 June 2002
50. The Formation of the Mechanics Hall – 20 June 2002
51. No Society Men Need Apply – 27 June 2002
52. Tailoring a Dilemma – 4 July 2002
53. The Cork Tailor’s Strike 1870: To London and Back – 11 July 2002
54. The Cork Tailor’s Strike 1870: Conflict in the Streets – 18 July 2002
55. The Cork Tailor’s Strike 1870: Challenging the Empire – 25 July 2002
56. The Cork Tailor’s Strike 1870: Tales of Courts, Surprises and Collisions – 1 August 2002
57. The Cork Tailor’s Strike 1870: Apprehension and Further Riotous Behaviour – 8 August 2002
58. The Cork Tailor’s Strike 1870: Solving the Problem – 15 August 2002
59. 27 June 1870 – A Manic Monday – 22 August 2002
60. Resolving Strike Action – 29 August 2002
61. Tribulations of a General Strike – 5 September 2002
62. Towards a Resolution – 12 September 2002
63. Ending the Conflict – 19 September 2002
64. War Clouds Over Europe 1870 – 26 September 2002
65. 1870: In Support of a French Connection – 3 October 2002
66. Winter 1870 – Fenian Revolutions – 10 October 2002
67. Further Crises 1871 – 17 October 2002
68. Issues of Wages, Unemployment and Organisation Upheaval – 24 October 2002
69. Cork Cooper’s Society: Operation and Organisation – 31 October 2002
70. Cork Coopers and Plumber in the 1870s – Examining Labour Structures – 7 November 2002
71. Labour Conflict: Plumbers to Printing Problems – 14 November 2002
72. Trials of the Cork Typographical Society – 21 November 2002
73. A Touch of Socialism at the G.P.O. – 28 November 2002
74. From Paris with thanks (1871) – 5 December 2002
75. Fighting Ambitions 1871 – 12 December 2002
76. Trouble in the Public Services – 19 December 2002
77. A Tale of a Fenian Raid at Mallow – 26 December 2002
78. The Turn of the Tide, Solving the Irish Question – 9 January 2003
79. From Gladstone to Brian Dillion – Irish Reform in the 1870s, 16 January 2003
80. Parnell’s Rise to Power – 23 January 2003
81. The Agrarian Crisis in County Cork, late 1870s – 30 January 2003
82. Stirrings of a Land War, c. 1880 – 6 February 2003
83. When the Empire Strikes Back, c.1880 – 13 February 2003
84. Charles Stewart Parnell in Cork, 3 October 1880, The Pre-dilemma – 20 February 2003
85. Charles Stewart Parnell in Cork, 3 October 1880, insightful speeches – 27 February 2003
86. Charles Stewart Parnell in Cork, 3 October 1880- Corporation Praises – 6 March 2003
87. Charles Stewart Parnell in Cork, 3 October 1880- A Great Crowd – 13 March 2003
88. Charles Stewart Parnell in Cork, 3 October 1880 – Steps in Time – 20 March 2003
89. Charles Stewart Parnell in Cork, 3 October 1880 – Rousing Orations in the Park – 27 March 2003
90. Charles Stewart Parnell in Cork, 3 October 1880 – Towards a resolution at the City Park – 3 April 2003
91. Resolving the Land Issue in Westminster, 1880-1881 – 10 April 2003
92. Skirmishes in County Cork, 1881 – 17 April 2003
93. Tales of Terror and Moonlighting- 24 April 2003
94. It’s a Game of Give and Take, Cork County 1881-82 – 1 May 2003
95. The Land Sub Commissioners Make Their Case – 8 May 2003
96. New Political Aspirations, Administrations and Tribulations, 1884-1890 – 15 July 2003
97. Discover Cork, Abstract – 22 July 2003
98. Parnell’s Demise and the Restructuring of Cork Society – 29 July 2003
99. Other Insights into Late Nineteenth Century County Cork – 5 June 2003
100. Late Nineteenth Century Counrty Cork -The Poor Law Union – 12 June 2003
101. Late Nineteenth Century County Cork – Taxing the wealthy – 19 June 2003
102. Insights into the Local Government of County Cork Towns- 26 June 2003
103. Where They Sported and Played Cork City 1872 – 3 July 2003
104. The Port of Cork 1872 – 10 July 2003
105. Catryn Power’s article 1: Hewitt’s Distillery Blackpool – 17 July 2003
106. Catryn Power’s article 2: Tanneries Blackpool – 24 July 2003
107. Catryn Power’s article 3: Flour Mill Blackpool – 31 July 2003
108. A Way of Marketing – Great Industrial Exhibitions – 7 August 2003
109. Great Industrial Exhibitions of Britain and Ireland in the Nineteenth Century – 14 August 2003
110. The Exhibition Movement in Cork 1852 – 21 August 2003
111. Origins of the 1883 Cork Exhibition Movement – 28 August 2003
112. Planning a Great Exhibition 1883 – 4 September 2003
113. Cork as an European Capital of Industry 1883 – 11 September 2003
114. Nurturing an Artistic City – Nineteenth Century Origins – 18 September 2003
115. The Cork Government School of Design – 2 October 2003
116. Portrait of a Nineteenth Century Cork Artist, Daniel Maclise – 9 October 2003
117. Rise of an Eminent Artist, Daniel Maclise – 16 October 2003
118. Reminisces of an International Sculptor, John Hogan – 23 October 2003
119. Cork’s Athenaeum The Development of an Artistic Hub – 30 October 2003
120. Cork’s Athenaeum – Opening of an Artistic Hub – 7 November 2003
121. Towards a Cork Art Gallery, School of Science and Music, 14 November 2003
122. Art and the Cork Industrial Exhibition 1883 – 21 November 2003
123. Towards a Municipal Technical College 1883 – 28 November 2003
124. Horatio Crawford’s Bequest – The Origins of the Crawford Art Gallery 1885 – 5 December 2003
125. Cork The Celtic Tiger of the Arts c.1870 – 12 December 2003
126. Building a Cork Opera House 1877 – 19 December 2003
127. Designing a Cork Opera House 1877 – 26 December 2003
128. What Never, No Never ! – 8 January 2004
129. The Cork Operatic Tradition Deepens Late 1800s – 15 January 2004
130. Tales of Deadheads, Stagedoor Johnnies and an unruly Gods – 22 January 2004
131. Discover Cork: Schools History Project 2004 – 29 January 2004
132. Overripe Fruit and an Unruly ‘Gods’- 4 February 2004
133. A Touch of Déjà Vu – Robert Walker and the Cork Main Drainage 1883 – 11 February 2004
134. Agendas of the Working Class – 18 February 2004
135. Work of the Municipal Sanitary Department – 25 February 2004
136. The Health Crisis, Identification and Clearing Out, c.1890 – 4 March 2004
137. The Health Crisis, Southern Side, c.1890- 11 March 2004
138. Health Resolutions in the 1890s – 18 March 2004
139. Caring for Corkonians City Institutions 1891 – 25 March 2004
140. Early Beginnings of St. Patrick’s Hospital – 1 April 2004
141. Opening of St. Patrick’s Hospital, 1870 – 8 April 2004
142. Developing St. Patrick’s Hospital 1870 – 15 April 2004
143. The Acquisition of St. Patrick’s Orphanage 1887 – 22 April 2004
144. Cork Charities and Schools, 1891- 29 April 2004
145. Cork Lunatic Asylum- 6 May 2004
146. Expansion of the Cork Lunatic Asylum- 13 May 2004
147. Cork as a Work of Art- 20 May 2004
148. Exploring Cork’s High Victorian Architecture – 27 May 2004
149. Exploring High Victorian Blackrock – 3 June 2004
150. Introducing a Municipal Horse Driven Tramway 1872 – 10 June 2004
151. An Unsuccessful Venture – 17 June 2004
152. Putting Some Electric Light on the Situation, 1889-1898; 24 June 2004
153. Charting the life of the Electric Trams 1898-1931; 1 July 2004
154. Kent Station A Steaming and Rolling Success- 8 July 2004
155. The Cork Model Farm – 15 July 2004
156. The Munster Agricultural and Dairy Institute – 22 July 2004
157. The Munster Agricultural and Dairy Institute – 29 July 2004

Early Twentieth Century Adventures

1. Cork in 1900, 5 August 2004 – 5 August 2004
2. Towards A European Capital of Industry and Culture 1902- 12 August 2004
3. A Municipal Party 1902 – 19 August 2004
4. The Seeds of Success – 25 August 2004
5. The Exhibits of Success – 2 September 2004
6. The Hive of Activity – 9 September 2004
7. A World of Pure Imagination – 16 September 2004
8. Whiling Away the Hours – 23 September 2004
9. Through the Exhibition – 30 September 2004
10. Arrival of the Monarchy 1903 – 7 October 2004
11. The Creation of Fitzgerald’s Park, 1903-1904; 14 October 2004
12. The Creation of a Rugby Pitch, Mardyke 1904; 21 October 2004
13. Cork A Market Town c.1900-c.1910; 29 October 2004
14. Cork and its Commerce, c.1910; 4 November 2004
15. Creating Clontarf and Brian Boru Bridges 1912, 11 November 2004
16. Cork’s Rail and Travel, c.1919; 18 November 2004
17. Cork’s Rail and Travel, c.1919; 25 November 2004
18. The End of a Era – Closure of the Butter Market; 4 December 2004
19. A Touch of Tanora – 11 December 2004
20. The Ford Legacy Begins – 16 December 2004
21. When Fords Came to Cork 1917; 23 December 2004
22. Fords, the Fordson and Tribulations, 1919-1922; 6 January 2005
23. Automobiles and the City of Cork, Early 1900s; 13 January 2005
24. The Advent of the Model T Ford, 1908-1927; 20 January 2005
25. The Model A Ford and the Model N Tractor – 27 January 2005
26. Formation of the Crawford Municipal Technical College 1909; 3 February 2005
27. The Cork School of Commerce, 1908; 10 February 2005
28. Queen’s College Cork, 1904-1908; 17 February 2005
29. Birth of University College Cork, 1908; 24 February
30. University College Cork and its Ogham Stones, 3 March 2005
31. Designing the Honan Chapel, 1915; 10 March 2005
32. Emergence of an Artist, Harry Clarke – 17 March 2005
33. Harry Clarke and his work – 24 March 2005
34. Sarah Purser, her work and the Honan windows – 31 March 2005
35. Heavenly Cloths of the Honan Chapel – 7 April 2005
36. The Cultural Awakening and Daniel Corkery, c.1900 – 14 April 2005
37. Daniel Corkery, A Writer Emerges – 21 April 2005
38. Daniel Corkery Beyond the Threshold of Quiet – 28 April 2005
39. Daniel Corkery and The Hidden Ireland – 5 May 2005
40. Daniel Corkery A legacy Inspired – 12 May 2005
41. Sean O’Faolain and Cork Opera House, c.1915 – 19 May 2005
42. Sean O’Faoláin The Early Years – 26 May 2005
43. Seán O’Faoláin Educational Influences – 2 June 2005
44. Seán O’Faoláin, Gaeltacht Influences – 9 June 2005
45. Concerning the Emotion of Ireland, 1920-21; 16 June 2005
46. Seán O’Faoláin and Revolution in West Cork – 23 June 2005
47. In Search of a new Gaelic Tradition – 30 June 2005
48. Sean O’Faolain and a New York Experience – 7 July 2005
49. No matter how hopeless, now matter how far – 14 July 2005
50. Sean’s London Adventures – 21 July 2005
51. Conflict at University College Cork, 1931 – 28 July 2005
52. Eden at Killough House, 1933; 4 August 2005
53. Seán O’Faoláin, Saoi an Aos Dána – 11 August 2005
54. Ode to a Cork Son, Seán O’Faoláin – 18 August 2005
55. Frank O’Connor, An Only Child, 25 August 2005
56. Frank O’Connor, School Life – 1 September 2005
57. Frank O’Connor, Revolutionary Life – 8 September 2005

Cork Independent

1. Frank O’Connor, Forming the Short Story – 15 September 2005
2. Frank O’Connor, My First Confession (1) – 22 September 2005
3. Frank O’Connor, My First Confession (2) – 29 September 2005
4. Frank O’Connor, My First Confession (3) – 6 October 2005

Cork Narratives

1. Celebrating One Hundred Years: M.& P. O’Sullivan – 13 October 2005
2. Remembering One Hundred Years: M.& P. O’Sullivan – 20 October 2005
3. Celebrating One Hundred Years: M.& P. O’Sullivan – 27 October 2005
4. As Others Saw Us – 3 November 2005
5. A City of Surprises (James Fitzpatrick) – 10 November 2005
6. Introduction: Voices of Cork: The Knitting Map Speaks (2005) – 17 November 2005
7. Voices of Cork: The Knitting Map Speaks (Liam McCarthy) – 25 November 2005
8. Voices of Cork: The Knitting Map Speaks (Sue Tector Sands) – 1 December 2005
9. Converting Sacred Spaces, E.U Project – 8 December 2005
10. James Barry, the Great Historical Painter – 15 December 2005
11. James Barry, the Great Historical Painter – 22 December 2005
12. James Barry, the Great Historical Painter – 5 January 2006
13. James Barry, the Great Historical Painter – 12 January 2006

Click here for the index to the River Lee valley series, 2006-2011, entitled In the Steps of St Finbarr, http://corkheritage.ie/?page_id=2804

Click here for the index to the 2012/2014 series on the Crawford Municipal Technical Institute, http://corkheritage.ie/?page_id=3056

Click here for the index to the 2014-2016 series on histories of Cork Harbour and the Cork Region, http://corkheritage.ie/?page_id=4165